How do we achieve encapsulation

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It will not be visible to the user how the class is storing values in the variables. The user will only know that we are passing the values to a setter method and variables are getting initialized with that value. Increased Flexibility: We can make the variables of the class read-only or write-only depending on our requirement. If we wish to make the variables read-only then we have to omit the setter methods like setName , setAge , etc.

Testing code is easy: Encapsulated code is easy to test for unit testing. This article is contributed by Harsh Agarwal. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using write. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.

Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above. Skip to content. Change Language. Related Articles. Basics of Java. The attributes configMap , beans , grinder , and brewingUnit store the current state of the CoffeeMachine object.

The methods brewCoffee , brewEspresso , brewFilterCoffee and addBeans implement a set of operations on these attributes. As explained at the beginning, you can use the encapsulation concept to implement an information-hiding mechanism.

Similar to the abstraction concept, this is one of the most commonly used mechanisms in Java. You can find examples of it in almost all well-implemented Java classes. Java supports four access modifiers that you can use to define the visibility of classes, methods, and attributes.

Each of them specifies a different level of accessibility, and you can only use one modifier per class, method or attribute.

As a rule of thumb, you should always use the most restrictive modifier that still allows you to implement your business logic. This is the most restrictive and most commonly used access modifier. If you use the private modifier with an attribute or method, it can only be accessed within the same class. In that case, you should use the protected modifier instead of private. I use the private modifier to restrict access to all attributes as well as the brewEspresso and brewFilterCoffee methods in the CoffeeMachine example.

These attributes and methods should only be used within the CoffeeMachine class and are not part of the public API. You can then use package visibility to implement a method that can only be used by classes within this package. That allows you to create a package internal and an external API. Attributes and methods with the access modifier protected can be accessed within your class, by all classes within the same package, and by all subclasses within the same or other packages.

The protected modifier gets mostly used for internal methods that need to be called or overridden by subclasses.

You can also use it to allow subclasses to access internal attributes of a superclass directly. This is the least restrictive access modifier. Methods and attributes that use the public modifier can be accessed within your current class and by all other classes.

A getter method is used to retrieve the value of a specific variable within a class. A setter method is used to set or update the value of a specific variable within a class. Programmers can use access modifiers to define the visibility and accessibility of classes, along with the data and methods that they contain.

In the Java programming language, there are four types of access modifiers to choose from:. There are many benefits to hiding information about attributes and methods using encapsulation in programming. One is that it prevents other developers from writing scripts or APIs that use your code. With encapsulation, users of a class do not learn how a class stores its data and the developer can change the data type of a field without forcing developers and users of the class to change their code.

The encapsulation process helps to compartmentalize data, limiting vulnerabilities by providing users with information on code implementations exclusively on a need-to-know basis.

Sumo Logic complements your existing cybersecurity measure with cutting-edge threat detection and security analytics powered by artificial intelligence. Already have an account? More than 2, enterprises around the world rely on Sumo Logic to build, run, and secure their modern applications and cloud infrastructures. Encapsulation What is Encapsulation?

Inheritance vs Abstraction vs Encapsulation: What's the Difference? What is Inheritance in programming?